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KĨ THUẬT CHĂM SÓC CÂY LÚA THỜI ĐIỂM CUỐI VỤ

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KĨ THUẬT CHĂM SÓC CÂY LÚA THỜI ĐIỂM CUỐI VỤ

Posted On September 10, 2016 at 2:35 pm by / 142 Comments

Từ nay đến cuối vụ mùa là thời điểm xung yếu nhất của cây lúa đối với sâu bệnh hại và thời tiết bất lợi. Để đảm bảo năng suất, chất lượng lúa gạo, cần chú ý một số biện pháp kỹ thuật sau:

– Dưỡng nước và điều tiết hợp lý:

Lúa từ phân hóa đòng đến trổ bông đòi hỏi phải có đầy đủ nước và các chất dinh dưỡng thiết yếu mới phát triển thuận lợi. Cần dưỡng ẩm cho lúa kể từ khi lúa có “cứt gián” đến khi trước trổ khoảng 10 ngày (mực nước thích hợp 3 – 4cm). Sau thời gian này cần tháo nước để lộ ruộng khoảng 2 – 3 ngày rồi tưới nước trở lại lúa sẽ vươn đốt nhanh và đồng loạt.

Khi lúa trổ cần rút hết nước ruộng chỉ giữ lại ở mức mềm bùn để giun xới đất, lúa sẽ ra đợt rễ cuối cùng và trổ bông phơi màu thuận lợi. Khi lúa đã trổ thoát khoảng 85% thì đưa nước trở lại ruộng rồi rút cạn hẳn khi lúa báo chín (lúa đỏ đuôi).

– Bón phân theo yêu cầu của lúa:

Song song với việc điều tiết nước hợp lý nông dân cần bón phân để có bông lúa to, nhiều hạt, tỷ lệ lép thấp và hạt lúa mẩy đều.

Khi phân hóa hoa cây lúa cần kali. Phân kali còn rất cần cho lúa cao sản, lúa lai sau trổ. Ở vụ mùa năm nay giai đoạn lúa đứng cái đến làm đòng lượng mưa xuống đồng là rất lớn nên lúa xanh tốt thậm chí có nhiều ruộng thừa đạm.

Vì vậy khác với thông lệ, ở vụ này nông dân không nên bón đạm mà chỉ bón lốt 50% lượng kali còn lại vào khoảng 18 – 20 ngày trước khi lúa trổ để giúp lúa có bông to, hạt mẩy.

Đối với lúa cao sản và lúa lai sau khi lúa trổ cần cung cấp tiếp một đợt kali cuối vụ bằng cách sử dụng kali dễ tiêu + vi lượng phun qua lá. Chế độ bón phân này giúp bông lúa to, nhiều hạt, tỷ lệ chắc cao, hạt thóc mẩy đều và bộ lá lúa vẫn sống đến khi lúa chín.

– Phòng trừ sâu bệnh hiệu quả:

Lúa mùa 2016 giai đoạn đứng cái đến làm đòng một số vùng có lứa sâu cuốn lá và đục thân gây hại nhưng ở mật độ thấp. Song sâu vũ hóa ở nhiều vùng lại trùng với cơn bão số 3 ập về. Lượng mưa lớn đã làm sâu non nở ra chết hàng loạt nên nông dân không cần sử dụng thuốc hóa học phun trừ.

Đối với những vùng có lứa sâu cuốn lá phát sinh không gặp mưa to thì cần sử dụng thuốc trừ sâu sinh học phun trừ cho những ruộng đã có lá đòng. Ruộng lúa chưa có lá đòng không nhất thiết phải trừ sâu lúc này. Giai đoạn lúa nứt áo đòng là thời điểm sâu đục thân, cuốn lá, rầy nâu thường hay phát sinh gây hại cùng lúc.

Nông dân cần thăm đồng điều tra sâu hại và trừ hiệu quả. Nên ưu tiên sử dụng các loại thuốc trừ sâu tổng hợp thay vì mua nhiều loại thuốc cộng gộp để tiết kiệm lượng tiền và có kết quả cao. Thời điểm lúa sau trổ đến ngậm sữa lúa mùa thường chịu ảnh hưởng lớn đối tượng rầy gây hại.

Nếu mật độ đến ngưỡng phun trừ (30 con/khóm) cần sử dụng thuốc đặc trị và phun thuốc trừ rầy theo ổ để tiết kiệm thuốc. Bệnh gây hại lúa mùa chủ yếu là vi khuẩn và nấm khô vằn, lem lép hạt. Nấm đạo ôn gây hại nhiều lúa mùa muộn nhưng ít gây hại lúa mùa sớm và mùa trung (vì lúa trổ bông vào thời điểm nắng nóng nấm đạo ôn không thể nảy mầm xâm nhập được).

Vụ mùa 2016 có nhiều bão và mưa nắng xen kẽ, lúa lại xanh tốt nên bệnh bạc lá và đốm sọc vi khuẩn cũng như bệnh khô vằn phát sinh gây hại mạnh, nhất là các giống lúa nhiễm (Bắc thơm số 7, Q5, nếp…) và lúa gieo cấy dày. Đòi hỏi người trồng lúa phải khống chế và phòng trừ hiệu quả. Nên ưu tiên sử dụng các loại thuốc kháng sinh có nhiều hoạt chất để khống chế vi khuẩn sau mưa bão. Bệnh khô vằn muốn diệt hiệu quả cần dùng thuốc đặc trị + kali trắng để phun.

KS. TRẦN THỊ LIÊN

 

 

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